Todo Estado que pretende ser reconocida como colectivo con principios que consagran la democracia tiene por fuerza mayor garantizar las libertades individuales de sus ciudadanos. Entre estas garantías, tenemos como bien jurídico fundamental el derecho que tienen los hombres y mujeres de deambular con absoluta libertad, de tal manera, que es necesario establecer los mecanismos procesales para que la persona pueda hacer valer este derecho en los tribunales. Este mecanismo procesal por excelencia se denomina HABEAS CORPUS, que efectivamente se materializa como una acción del poder jurídico constitucional de una persona, que consiste en la facultad de pedir la intervención del órgano jurisdiccional para el restablecimiento de su derecho de libertad de locomoción que cree que está siendo vulnerado por una arbitraria, indebida e ilegal persecución, procesamiento, o apresamiento.
Toda persona puede pedir la intervención del órgano jurisdiccional, incluso un menor de edad o incapaz, pero a través de representante, ya sea legal o judicial. Los hechos no siempre deben estar consumados para pedir la intervención del órgano jurisdiccional, basta la amenaza para pedir la intervención del juez. Como institución el HABEAS CORPUS está destinado a establecer el derecho a la libertad de las personas, cuando este derecho se encuentre amenazado o suprimido. El constitucionalismo moderno tiene como objeto fundamental, que constituye al mismo tiempo, su raíz última: el reconocimiento y la protección de la vida y la libertad de los ciudadanos. Las constituciones que son verdaderamente tales se caracterizan; precisamente por que establecen un sistema jurídico y político que garantiza la libertad de los ciudadanos y porque supone, por consiguiente, algo más que una mera racionalización de los centros de poder.
Procedimiento
Básicamente este artículo es atinente a la comprobación de la existencia del hecho punible y de la existencia de elementos probatorios contra el detenido. Por lo tanto, su actuación no tiene por finalidad proceder a un análisis exhaustivo del caudal probatorio, actividad jurisdiccional que debe realizarse en otro momento procesal que la ley también establece. Como institución el Habeas Corpus está destinado a establecer el derecho a la libertad de las personas, cuando este derecho se encuentra amenazado o suprimido.
"Linares Quintana lo define como el remedio jurídico que tiene derecho a interponer ante juez competente por si, o por intermedio de otro, todo individuo que ha sido ilegal o arbitrariamente privado de su libertad constitucional porque la orden no es legal o porque ha sido emitida por quien no es autoridad competente para que se examine su situación y comprobada su ilegalidad se ordene su inmediata libertad.” Linares Quintana (1948)"
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